Disc Graph 1 2 3

(text{FIGURE I.3})

1 2-1-2 1 2 3-1 x y Open image in a new page The graph of `y=3x`, with the area under the 'curve' between `x=0` to `x=1` shaded. When the shaded area is rotated 360° about the `x`-axis, a volume is generated. Unusual graphs in Graph II may be caused by the following: 1. Attempting to outsmart the instrument. Over analyzing by taking too long to respond. Experiencing a significant emotional event or a personal trauma (Tight graph only). Under pressure to 'be all things to all people' (Over Shift graph only). When an unusual pattern appears.

We suppose that we have a circular disc of radius a Trailer making software. bearing a surface charge density of (σ) coulombs per square metre, so that the total charge is (Q = πa^2 σ) . We wish to calculate the field strength at a point P on the axis of the disc, at a distance (x) from the centre of the disc.

Consider an elemental annulus of the disc, of radii (r) and (r + δr). Its area is (2πrδr) and so it carries a charge (2πσrδr). Using the result of subsection 1.6.4, we see that the field at P from this charge is

[frac{2pisigma r ,delta r}{4piepsilon_0}cdot frac{x}{(r^2+x^2)^{3/2}}=frac{sigma x}{2epsilon_0}cdot frac{r,delta r}{(r^2+x^2)^{3/2}}.] Atrapada por la mafia yakuza pdf descargar programs.

But (r=xtan theta, delta r=xsec^2 theta delta theta text{ and }(r^2+x^2)^{1/2}=xsec theta). Thus the field from the elemental annulus can be written

[frac{sigma}{2epsilon_0}sin theta ,delta theta .]

The field from the entire disc is found by integrating this from (θ = 0 text{ to }θ = α) to obtain

[E=frac{sigma}{2epsilon_0}(1-cos α )=frac{sigma}{2epsilon_0}left ( 1-frac{x}{(a^2+x^2)^{1/2}}right ).tag{1.6.11}] Best adblock.

This falls off monotonically from (σ/(2epsilon_0)) just above the disc to zero at infinity.

In geometric graph theory, a unit disk graph is the intersection graph of a family of unit disks in the Euclidean plane. That is, it is a graph with one vertex for each disk in the family, and with an edge between two vertices whenever the corresponding vertices lie within a unit distance of each other.

They are commonly formed from a Poisson point process, making them a simple example of a random structure.

Definitions[edit]

There are several possible definitions of the unit disk graph, equivalent to each other up to a choice of scale factor:

• A graph formed from a collection of points in the Euclidean plane, in which two points are connected if their distance is below a fixed threshold.
• An intersection graph of equal-radius circles, or of equal-radius disks (see Fig. 1).
• A graph formed from a collection of equal-radius circles, in which two circles are connected by an edge if one circle contains the centre of the other circle.

Properties[edit]

Every induced subgraph of a unit disk graph is also a unit disk graph. An example of a graph that is not a unit disk graph is the star K_1,7 with one central node connected to seven leaves: if each of seven unit disks touches a common unit disk, some two of the seven disks must touch each other (as the kissing number in the plane is 6). Therefore, unit disk graphs cannot contain an induced K_1,7 subgraph.

Applications[edit]

Beginning with the work of Huson & Sen (1995), unit disk graphs have been used in computer science to model the topology of ad hoc wireless communication networks. In this application, nodes are connected through a direct wireless connection without a base station. It is assumed that all nodes are homogeneous and equipped with omnidirectional antennas. Node locations are modelled as Euclidean points, and the area within which a signal from one node can be received by another node is modelled as a circle. If all nodes have transmitters of equal power, these circles are all equal. Random geometric graphs, formed as unit disk graphs with randomly generated disk centres, have also been used as a model of percolation and various other phenomena.^[1]

Computational complexity[edit]

If one is given a collection of unit disks (or their centres) in a space of any fixed dimension, it is possible to construct the corresponding unit disk graph in linear time, by rounding the centres to nearby integer grid points, using a hash table to find all pairs of centres within constant distance of each other, and filtering the resulting list of pairs for the ones whose circles intersect. The ratio of the number of pairs considered by this algorithm to the number of edges in the eventual graph is a constant, giving the linear time bound. However, this constant grows exponentially as a function of the dimension (Bentley, Stanat & Williams 1977).

It is NP-hard (more specifically, complete for the existential theory of the reals) to determine whether a graph, given without geometry, can be represented as a unit disk graph.^[2] Additionally, it is probably impossible in polynomial time to output explicit coordinates of a unit disk graph representation: there exist unit disk graphs that require exponentially many bits of precision in any such representation.^[3]

However, many important and difficult graph optimization problems such as maximum independent set, graph coloring, and minimum dominating set can be approximated efficiently by using the geometric structure of these graphs,^[4] and the maximum clique problem can be solved exactly for these graphs in polynomial time, given a disk representation.^[5] Even if a disk representation is not known, and an abstract graph is given as input, it is possible in polynomial time to produce either a maximum clique or a proof that the graph is not a unit disk graph,^[6] and to 3-approximate the optimum coloring by using a greedy coloring algorithm.^[7]

When a given vertex set forms a subset of a triangular lattice, a necessary and sufficient condition for the perfectness of a unit graph is known.^[8] For the perfect graphs, a number of NP-complete optimization problems (graph coloring problem, maximum clique problem, and maximum independent set problem) are polynomially solvable.

See also[edit]

• Barrier resilience, an algorithmic problem of breaking cycles in unit disk graphs
• Indifference graph, a one-dimensional analogue of the unit disk graphs
• Penny graph, the unit disk graphs for which the disks can be tangent but not overlap (contact graph)
• Coin graph, the contact graph of (not necessarily unit-sized) disks
• Vietoris–Rips complex, a generalization of the unit disk graph that constructs higher-order topological spaces from unit distances in a metric space
• Unit distance graph, a graph formed by connecting points that are at distance exactly one rather than (as here) at most a given threshold

Notes[edit]

1. ^See, e.g., Dall & Christensen (2002).
2. ^Breu & Kirkpatrick (1998); Kang & Müller (2011).
3. ^McDiarmid & Mueller (2011).
4. ^Marathe et al. (1994); Matsui (2000).
5. ^Clark, Colbourn & Johnson (1990).
6. ^Raghavan & Spinrad (2003).
7. ^Gräf, Stumpf & Weißenfels (1998).
8. ^Miyamoto & Matsui (2005).

Disc Graph 1 2 3 Multiplication

References[edit]

• Bentley, Jon L.; Stanat, Donald F.; Williams, E. Hollins, Jr. (1977), 'The complexity of finding fixed-radius near neighbors', Information Processing Letters, 6 (6): 209–212, doi:10.1016/0020-0190(77)90070-9, MR0489084.
• Breu, Heinz; Kirkpatrick, David G. (1998), 'Unit disk graph recognition is NP-hard', Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications, 9 (1–2): 3–24, doi:10.1016/s0925-7721(97)00014-x.
• Clark, Brent N.; Colbourn, Charles J.; Johnson, David S. (1990), 'Unit disk graphs', Discrete Mathematics, 86 (1–3): 165–177, doi:10.1016/0012-365X(90)90358-O.
• Dall, Jesper; Christensen, Michael (2002), 'Random geometric graphs', Phys. Rev. E, 66: 016121, arXiv:cond-mat/0203026, Bibcode:2002PhRvE.66a6121D, doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.66.016121.
• Gräf, A.; Stumpf, M.; Weißenfels, G. (1998), 'On coloring unit disk graphs', Algorithmica, 20 (3): 277–293, doi:10.1007/PL00009196, MR1489033.
• Huson, Mark L.; Sen, Arunabha (1995), 'Broadcast scheduling algorithms for radio networks', Military Communications Conference, IEEE MILCOM '95, 2, pp. 647–651, doi:10.1109/MILCOM.1995.483546, ISBN0-7803-2489-7.
• Kang, Ross J.; Müller, Tobias (2011), 'Sphere and dot product representations of graphs', Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Annual Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG'11), June 13–15, 2011, Paris, France, pp. 308–314.
• Marathe, Madhav V.; Breu, Heinz; Hunt, III, Harry B.; Ravi, S. S.; Rosenkrantz, Daniel J. (1994), Geometry based heuristics for unit disk graphs, arXiv:math.CO/9409226.
• Matsui, Tomomi (2000), 'Approximation Algorithms for Maximum Independent Set Problems and Fractional Coloring Problems on Unit Disk Graphs', Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1763: 194–200, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-46515-7_16, ISBN978-3-540-67181-7.
• McDiarmid, Colin; Mueller, Tobias (2011), Integer realizations of disk and segment graphs, arXiv:1111.2931, Bibcode:2011arXiv1111.2931M
• Miyamoto, Yuichiro; Matsui, Tomomi (2005), 'Perfectness and Imperfectness of the kth Power of Lattice Graphs', Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 3521: 233–242, doi:10.1007/11496199_26, ISBN978-3-540-26224-4.
• Raghavan, Vijay; Spinrad, Jeremy (2003), 'Robust algorithms for restricted domains', Journal of Algorithms, 48 (1): 160–172, doi:10.1016/S0196-6774(03)00048-8, MR2006100.

Disc Graph 1 2 3